by is » Mon Dec 11, 2006 5:45 pm
Well said cursethemountain. Luther's most important idea is arguably that of sola fide, salvation by faith alone. Anyone who lives in the protestant world should be familiar with the idea that doing good works does not get you into heaven - only accepting Christ as your personal saviour is. This went against what the Catholic church taught, which as the effective leader of Europe recquired a big long list of sins - a) to burn at the stake troublesome powerful individuals/groups (often by accusing them of satanism*), eg the knights templar and b) to sell indulgences, essentially buying forgiveness for sins, or paying to shorten a loved one's time in purgatory. For every venial sin, the church had a list of the exact amount of days you would spend in purgatory, and the price of repentance.
Luther's ideas completely threatened to overrule that, so he wasn't popular among the Catholics (read his entry in the Catholic encyclopedia) and eventually, along with other factors, such as the increased availability of Bibles, led to the Protestant Reformation.
Luther also removed several books from the Old Testament (the Apocrypha) and wanted to remove Revelations (the book at the end where Jesus comes down on a flaming white horse to cleanse the earth with the assistance of rivers of blood and giant locusts with human heads
- written on an island famous for its shrooms) as he thought it did not portray the same Jesus as the rest of the book - but was persuaded against that. Modern fundamentalist evangelicals practically worship the Bible, but it's validity has already been put in question 500 years ago.
Henry VIII joined the movement when he set up the Anglican Church, as the Pope would not grant him a divorce. The Church had been fond of doing such things as not allowing nobles to marry anyone closer than a seventh cousin, preventing them divorcing childless wives (Henry's wife had just given birth to a girl (Elizabeth I), and Henry wanted a son), adopt heirs, or have sex on various days that amounted to more than half the year, all to prevent wealth accumulating in powerful families by depriving them of heirs. Usually, the deceased wealth would then pass instead to their younger brothers, who usually worked for - you've guessed it - the Church. The establishment of the new church meant that Henry could confiscate much of the monastries' property and melt down all the Catholic metalwork to leave austere Protestant churches (and leave future historians deprived of Medieval church artifacts).
Other than that, the Protestant church has had a tendency to form splinter groups over the years. There is no overarching organisation. It lacks any authority figure, like the Pope. Without a 'pope', few protestant churches venerate saints (no established roll of them) and cannot issue edicts that go against the Bible. For those reasons, the Bible is much more emphasised in Protestantism than it is in Catholicism. Protestants call Catholics pope- and mary-worshippers, whereas Cs call Ps Bible-worshippers. As I've mentioned above, the Bible has already been questioned by protestantism from the start however. Also, try to find in the Bible the name of Joseph's Dad (look in the beginnings of the four Gospels), how many people/angels were at Jesus' tomb (the ends of the gospels), and how Judas died (the ends of the gospels and the beginning of acts.)
If you're interested in the Eastern Orthodox Church, they split in the first millenium, over the issue of whether the Holy Spirit proceeded from the father and the son or just the father (the Filoque clasuse).
* It's instructive to note that many jaded libertine aristos of medieval Europe used the Catholic Church's entirely made up guides to Satanism, when they wanted to add some devious sexual spice to their overindulged lives. This was transmitted to other occult groups, and the popular imagination, collected by Anton LaVey in his Satanic Bible. So LaVeyan Satanism is a branch of the Catholic Church (which is, of course, a branch of Judaism).
And so now you know. I spent several months on a Christian forum, which is how I find most of this out. For the record, I'm a hardcore atheist.
Friedrich Nietzche wrote:Oh God, oh God, O - M - F - G!